The sources of ijtihad according to Shi'ah and the Ahl al-Sunnah, put together, are: the Book, the Sunnah, ijma` (consensus), `aql (reason), qiyas (analogy), istihsan, masalih mursalah, istislah, sadd al-dhara'i`, fath al-dhara'i; madhhab al-sahabi, shari`at al-salaf, `urf, istidlal, and so on. In this series of articles it is tried to discuss and study these topics in detail from the Shi`i and the Sunni points of view.

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Ijtihad, Its Meaning, Sources, Beginnings and the Practice of Ra'y

Political narratives often describe Iranian foreign policy as ideologically driven or apocalyptic. Apocalyptic Politics challenges this portrayal by examining the rational foundations of Iranian decision-making.
About the Book
Apocalyptic Politics: On the Rationality of Iranian Policy critically examines claims that Iranian policy is guided by irrational or messianic motivations. The book argues that, despite religious language and symbolism, Iranian political behavior demonstrates strategic calculation, institutional continuity, and rational cost–benefit analysis. By analyzing policy patterns, security concerns, and diplomatic behavior, the work dismantles simplistic explanations and presents a more nuanced understanding of ideology and rationality in state behavior.
What You Will Discover

<ul class="ul1">
 	<li class="li1">Common Western narratives about “apocalyptic” Iranian politics.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Evidence of strategic rationality in Iranian policy decisions.</li>
 	<li class="li1">The interaction between ideology, symbolism, and pragmatic governance.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Why cultural misinterpretation leads to flawed policy analysis.</li>
</ul>
About the Author
The author approaches the subject from political science and international relations, emphasizing empirical analysis and critical evaluation of dominant narratives.
Who Is This Book For?
This book is for students and analysts of international relations, Middle Eastern politics, and security studies seeking a more accurate understanding of Iranian policy behavior.

Apocalyptic Politics on the Rationality of Iranian Policy

al Tawhid Islamic Journal

al Tawhid Islamic Journal

al Tawhid Islamic Journal

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