Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Mostafavi Khomeini, known as Imam Khomeini (1936-1981), was a jurist, Usuli, mystic, commentator, marja'i taqlid, and founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He benefited from great scholars such as Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri Yazdi and Mirza Mohammad Ali Shahabadi. Imam Khomeini began to openly fight and oppose the Pahlavi regime in 1962, following the approval of the bill on provincial and provincial associations, and in 1978, under his leadership, the Pahlavi regime suppressed the Islamic Revolution in Iran and won. Imam Khomeini left behind numerous works on jurisprudence, usul, mysticism, and ethics. Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini was an Iranian jurist, mystic, and marja'i taqlid who, starting in 1961, took on the leadership of the people's Islamic revolution against the imperial system. The arrest, exile, and actions of Ayatollah Khomeini against the Pahlavi regime led to the height of popular protests in 1356 and 1357 AH, which ultimately led to the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Imam Khomeini continued to lead the country after the victory of the revolution, until he died of a heart condition in 1368 at the age of 81.
Imam Khomeini (Ruhollah Mostafavi Khomeini) was born on October 1, 1281 AH in Khomein. His father, Agha Seyyed Mustafa, was a critic of the khans and government officials and was martyred when Ruhollah was only five months old.
After studying Islamic sciences in Khomein, Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini went to Arak to complete his education and from there to Qom, where he began teaching philosophical sciences at the age of 27. As the oppressive actions of the Pahlavi government intensified, he also began to criticize the regime and then to fight by raising awareness among the Muslim people of Iran.
Ayatollah Khomeini's stubborn stance against the capitulation bill in 1964 led the Shah's regime to exile him to Turkey and then to Najaf. Imam Khomeini's exile not only did not stop the movement of the Islamic Revolution, but during his exile he also enlightened the people about the regime's betrayals and crimes. With the escalating protests in 1977 and 1978, the Islamic Revolution of Iran finally triumphed on 12 February 1978.
Following the victory of the revolution, Imam Khomeini invited the people to participate in the elections for the Islamic Republic of Iran and founded this system with a 98% vote. After the victory of the revolution, Imam Khomeini began to guide the country's affairs and, in the struggle against the unrest of the People's Mojahedin Organization, the successive assassinations of prominent figures of the revolution, and the imposed war, he began to intelligently resolve issues and raise people's awareness.
Ayatollah Khomeini suffered from a heart condition in 1979 and came to Tehran from Qom on the orders of his doctor. He remained in Tehran until his death (1939) at the age of 81.

Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini

Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei (born: 1939), known as Ayatollah Khamenei, is the second leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran and a Shiite religious authority. Before the Islamic Revolution of Iran, he was a fighter against the Pahlavi regime and spent some time in prison and exile due to his revolutionary activities. After the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, he held important responsibilities, including two terms as president (1939-1989), a representative of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, and the Friday prayer leader of Tehran, and was elected as the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1989. Ayatollah Khamenei is interested in contemporary literature and history and writes poetry under the pen name "Amin". His valuable works include books such as "The Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran", "The 250-Year-Old Man (Analysis of the Political Lives of Shiite Imams), "Ghina" (a lesson text outside of Ghina and Music) and Palestine based on his speeches and "The Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran", "The Spirit of Monotheism, the Rejection of Slavery to Other Than God", and two translations of "The Peace of Imam Hassan" and "The Future in the Realm of Islam".

Education
Seyyid Ali Khamenei began his education at the age of four in a kindergarten, learning the Quran, and at the same time as he was in elementary school, he began learning to recite and recite the Quran in Mashhad. In the final years of elementary school, he also began his preliminary seminary education. After completing elementary school, he continued his religious studies at the Suleiman Khan School and completed his advanced studies at the Navab School. He also learned part of the preliminary and advanced studies from his father. Simultaneously with his seminary education, he also continued his high school education until the second year of high school.
In 1955, he attended Seyyid Mohammad Hadi Milani's foreign jurisprudence course, and in 1958, he went to Najaf on a short trip with his family and attended the Najaf Seminary courses, but due to his father's unwillingness to stay in that city, he returned to Mashhad and attended Ayatollah Milani's course for another year, and in 1959, he left for the Qom Seminary.

Teaching
Since his arrival in Mashhad, Seyyed Ali Khamenei has been teaching advanced levels of jurisprudence and principles (Risa'il, Makasib, and Kifayah) and has also held interpretation sessions for the general public. In 1968, he began teaching specialized interpretation sessions for religious students. These lessons and interpretation sessions continued until 1977, before his arrest and exile to Iranshahr. The interpretation sessions continued during the years of the presidency and after. After becoming the leader, in 1980, he began teaching external jurisprudence at Imam Khomeini's Husseiniyeh, and has so far taught the chapters of jihad, qisas, mahram makasib, and traveler's prayer.
Professors:
Seyyed Jalil Hosseini Sistani, Seyyed Javad Khamenei, Mirza Mohammad Modarres Yazdi, Hashem Qazvini, Seyyed Mohammad Hadi Milani, Seyyed Hossein Boroujerdi, Imam Khomeini, Morteza Haeri Yazdi, Seyyed Mohammad Mohaqiq Damad, and Allameh Tabatabaei were among Ayatollah Khamenei's professors. It is also reported that he briefly attended Mujtaba Qazvini's philosophy class.

Thoughts
Among the most important jurisprudential views of Ayatollah Khamenei are the prohibition of beatings, the prohibition of insulting the sanctities of the Sunnis, and the prohibition of using nuclear weapons. In the political arena, he considers the solution to the Palestinian issue to be a referendum and emphasizes resistance to the Zionist regime. He has also proposed the theory of resistance economics in the face of Western sanctions against Iran. Supporting the resistance front, confronting cultural aggression, and emphasizing the Jihad of Explanation are other key concepts in his thought.

Authorship and research:
A general outline of Islamic thought in the Quran;
From the depth of prayer;
A discourse on patience;
The four main books of the science of men;
Wilayat;
A report on the historical background and current situation of the Mashhad Seminary;
Biographies of the Shiite Imams (unpublished);
The True Leader;
Unity and factionalism;
Art from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei;
Understanding religion correctly;
The element of struggle in the life of the Imams (a.s.);
The spirit of monotheism, the denial of worship other than God;
The necessity of returning to the Quran;
The life of Imam Sajjad (a.s.);
Imam Reza (a.s.) and the guardianship;
Cultural invasion (compiled from the speeches and messages of the Most High);
The hadith of Wilayat (a collection of his messages and speeches, 9 volumes of which have been published so far).
Translated
The Peace of Imam Hassan (a.s.), written by Razi Al-Yasin;
The Future in the Realm of Islam, by Sayyid Qutb;
Muslims in the Indian Freedom Movement, by Abdul Muneem Nimri Nasri;
An Indictment Against Western Civilization, by Sayyid Qutb.

Sayyid Ali Khamenei

Al-Tijani was born in Tunisian Sunni Muslim family of Maliki creed. Previously, his family added “al-Tijani” to their name after adopting Tijaniyyah Sufi tariqa of Ahmad al-Tijani. He was eighteen years of age when the Les Scouts Tunisiens agreed to send him as one of six Tunisian representatives to the first conference for Islamic and Arab scouts which took place in Mecca. He used the opportunity to perform mandatory pilgrimage. He stayed twenty five days in Saudi Arabia, during which he met many prominent Wahhabi scholars, listened to their lectures and became heavily influenced by Wahhabism. Upon returning to Tunisia, al-Tijani started actively promoting and spreading Wahhabism during the religious classes and sermons that he gave, including in the Great Mosque of Kairouan. He then traveled to Egypt’s al-Azhar. On the way back to Tunisia, Al-Tijani met a Shia Iraqi lecturer from the University of Baghdad named Mun'im. He came to Cairo to submit his Ph.D. thesis at al-Azhar University. Mun'im invited him to Iraq. Al-Samawi spent several weeks with Mun'im; visited Baghdad and Najaf, and met with several leading Shi'a scholars. These included: Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, who taught him about Shia Islam. After long debates with the Shia scholars, he became a Shia muslim, following the Jafari Madhab.[

Muhammad Tijani Samawi

Muhammad Taqi al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Mustafa bin Isma'il bin Yusuf al-Nabhani (Arabic: محمد تقي الدين بن إبراهيم بن مصطفى بن إسماعيل بن يوسف النبهاني; 1914 – December 11, 1977) was a Palestinian Islamic scholar who founded the pan-Islamist and fundamentalist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir.

Biography
Al-Nabhani was born in 1909 in a village by the name of Ijzim near Haifa in the Ottoman Empire and belonged to Bani Nabhan tribe. His father was a lecturer in Sharia law and his mother was also an Islamic scholar and his grandfather was the famous Palestinian scholar Yusuf al-Nabhani.al-Nabhani studied Sharia law at Al-Azhar University and the Dar-ul-Ulum college of Cairo. He graduated in 1931 and returned to Palestine. There he was first a teacher and then as a jurist, rising to Sharia judge in the court of appeal.[4] Disturbed by the creation of the state of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and occupation of Palestine, he founded the Hizb ut-Tahrir party in 1953. The party was immediately banned in Jordan. Al-Nabhani was banned from returning to Jordan and settled in Beirut. He died on December 20, 1977.

Political philosophy
Al-Nabhani proclaimed that the depressed political condition of Muslims in the contemporary world stemmed from the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924. al-Nabhani was critical of the way the Middle East had been carved up into nation states allied with various imperial powers. Other causes of stagnation included the Ottoman Empire's closing of the doors of ijtihad, its failure to understand "the intellectual and legislative side of Islam", and neglect of the Arabic language.

In his most famous works, written in the early 1950s, al-Nabhani expressed a radical disillusionment with the secular powers that had failed to protect Palestinian nationalism. He argued for a new caliphate that would be brought about by "peaceful politics and ideological subversion" and eventually cover the world replacing all nation states. Its political and economic order would be founded on Islamic principles, not materialism that, in his view, was the outcome of capitalist economies.

Al-Nabhani also wrote The Economic System in Islam, a book on Islamic views on economic principles and the contradictions between them and Western-based capitalism and socialism. It was published in Arabic in 1953 and translated into English and a number of other languages.[citation needed]

Influence
Hizb ut-Tahrir did not attract a large following in the countries where it was established. Despite this, al-Nabhani's works have become an important part of contemporary Islamist literature.

Bibliography
al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2002), The System of Islam Nidham al-Islam, London: al-Khilafah Publications
al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2004), Thought al-Tafkeer, London: al-Khilafah Publications
al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2005), Islamic Personality al-Shaksiyyah al-Islamiyyah, London: al-Khilafah Publications}

Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani - new

Born in ʻAkka in the Acre Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire in March 1897, Shoghi Effendi was related to the Bab through his father, Mirza Hadi Shirazi, and to Bahaʼu'llah through his mother, Ḍiyaʼiyyih Khanum, the eldest daughter of ʻAbdu'l-Baha. ʻAbdu'l-Baha, who provided much of his initial training, greatly influenced Shoghi Effendi from the early years of his life. Shoghi Effendi learned prayers from his grandfather, who encouraged him to chant. ʻAbdu'l-Baha also insisted that people address the child as "Shoghi Effendi", ("Effendi" signifies "Sir"), rather than simply as "Shoghi", as a mark of respect towards him.

Shoghi Effendi received his early education at home with the other children in the household, then attended a French Christian Brothers school in Haifa, and later boarded at another Catholic school in Beirut. He was to accompany his grandfather on his journeys to the West but was unable to proceed after port authorities in Naples prevented Shoghi Effendi from continuing due to illness.

He later attended the Syrian Protestant College (later known as the American University of Beirut) for his final years of high school and first years of university, where he earned an arts degree in 1918. He reports being very unhappy in school and often returned on vacations to Haifa to spend time with ʻAbdu'l-Baha. During his studies, he dedicated himself to mastering English—adding this language to the Persian, Turkish, Arabic and French languages in which he was already fluent—so that he could translate the letters of ʻAbdu'l-Baha and serve as his secretary.

Shoghi Effendi

Aladdin Pazargadi (born in Shiraz in 1292 - died on April 19, 2003 in Tehran) is an Iranian writer and translator. He has a bachelor's degree in history, a master's degree in education and a doctorate in political and economic sciences from Oxford University, England. He is considered the founder of "English language and literature" in Iran.

Alaedin Pazargadi

Abdulaziz Sachedina is Professor and International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) Chair in Islamic Studies at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia.
Biography
He has been a professor since 1975. He annually teaches courses on Classical Islam, Islam in the Modern Age, Islam, Democracy and Human Rights, Islamic Bioethics and Muslim Theology. He was born in Tanzania, his heritage originally is from India. He has an MA/PhD from the University of Toronto and has BA degrees from Aligarh Muslim University in India and Ferdowsi University of Mashad in Iran. He was one of the students of Dr. Ali Shariati in Iran.
In 1997, Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani thanked him for his translation of a book on Imam Mahdi into English, originally written by Ayatollah Ebrahim Amini. The acknowledgement letter was published by the Iranian Hawza magazine.
In 1998, Grand Ayatollah Sistani issued a statement against Sachedina that advised Muslims not to listen to his talks or to ask him questions about religious matters. (See original text in Persian).
In addition to his work at the university, Professor Sachedina has been a consultant to the Department of Defense regarding Middle Eastern affairs and was an adviser to those drafting the Constitution of Iraq that was put into effect in 2005.
He speaks Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Gujarati, Swahili, and English.
Bibliography
The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence Oxford University Press Inc (USA), 1998, ISBN 0-19-511915-0
The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism Oxford University Press Inc (USA), 2000, ISBN 0-19-513991-7
The Islamic World: Past and Present John L. Esposito (Editor), Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina (Editor): Oxford University Press Inc (USA), 2004, ISBN 0-19-516520-9
Islamic Biomedical Ethics Oxford University Press (USA), 2009, ISBN 0-19-537850-4
Islamic Messianism State Univ of New York Press (USA), 1981, ISBN 0-87395-458-0
Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures co-authored with David Little and John Kelsay: South Carolina Press (USA), 1988, ISBN 0-87249-533-7
Prolegomena to the Qur'an" being trans of Abu al-Qasim al-Khui's Al-Bayan Oxford University Press (USA), 1988
Recueil de textes du professeur Abdulaziz Sachedina, Editions Publibook (France), 2008, ISBN 978-2-7483-4253-6
Islamic messianism: the idea of Mahdī in twelver Shīʻism, State University of New York, 1981, ISBN 0-87395-442-4

Abdulaziz Sachedina

Dr. Seyyed Abbas Sadr-Ameli was born on 1/13/1938 in Isfahan, in a religious and scholarly family.
In addition to his academic education, he completed various levels and higher degrees in seminary and religious sciences to a high level (which requires familiarity with Arabic language and literature).
He had numerous degrees in the following different fields:
A bachelor's degree in Persian language and literature from the University of Tehran,
A bachelor's degree in English language and literature from the University of Isfahan,
A master's degree in English language and literature from the Tehran Teacher Training University (because at that time there was no doctorate in this field),
A master's degree in ancient languages and modern linguistics, in which he also completed his doctoral units in the same field.
He was an excellent student and a favorite and respected student of the late Dr. Mohammad Hossein Moin (the father of modern Persian literature).
His academic mastery of Persian, English and Arabic languages and familiarity with French and Russian languages made him a distinguished and unparalleled teacher of English in the country's seminaries and universities.
Professor Dr. Sadr Ameli has been teaching in various universities and education institutions in the country since 1961 until the end of his blessed life,

including:
University professor and holder of the English language chair at the Tehran Officers' College (1961-1963),
University professor and director of the Persian Language and Literature Department (Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Kord Branch, etc.),
Professor at Payam-e-Noor universities in the country (including Shahr-e-Kord Branch),
Professor at the Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training Center in Isfahan, and Hazrat Zahra (peace be upon him) Teacher Training Center in Isfahan,
Professor at the Faculty of Islamic Education and Quranic Sciences, where he taught at undergraduate and graduate levels.
Teaching at the Islamic Propaganda Office of the Qom Seminary (Isfahan Branch), where he has been honored and respected as an exemplary professor for many years.
In addition, the aforementioned social activities in Isfahan have been very significant and noteworthy because, as a trusted person of the people of Isfahan, in addition to resolving people's disputes, he was a trustworthy and just advisor to them as a person knowledgeable about legal laws.
His services in the cause of health and helping the people of the society are also noteworthy as an unclaimed charity. He was a member of the board of trustees of the Hazrat Abul Fadl (AS) Health and Medical Charity Association and one of its activists (in addition, the plot of land where the new building of this charity is located on Ostandari Street - next to the Azadeh Academy of Free Language - located behind the Khorshid Hospital is donated by him).
Member of the board of trustees of the Hazrat Abul Fadl Mosque located on Bahman 22 Street.
Member of the board of trustees of the School of Research and Publication of the Teachings of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (which is a unique digital library in the country and the Middle East).
Permanent member of the academic and research board of the Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) Library.
Head of successful and top schools in Isfahan province, including Mashal Tarbiyyah Foreign Languages Academy, Azadeh Foreign Languages Academy, and…
In addition to teaching, he worked as a prominent translator of Islamic texts in the country and for nearly 20 years was the only translator of the interpretation of the Holy Quran in English for the first time in the Islamic world. He was also responsible for the huge project of translating the complete Book of Al-Ghadir into English, which was carried out for the first time in the world. With his firm belief and faith in avoiding theoreticalism and the purely classical atmosphere that dominated the students' thoughts, he used his mastery and mastery of multiple sciences, especially linguistics and Islamic knowledge, in teaching and learning, not only teaching Persian and English language and literature to his students, but also practically presenting the lessons of life and real and God-pleasing progress.

Abbas Sadr ameli

Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi (17 September 1938 – 15 April 2000)was an Indian Islamic scholar, religious leader, public speaker, Qur'anic interpreter, Urdu poet, historian and philosopher of Shia Islam.
Biography
Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi (also known as Allama Jawadi) was born in Allahabad on 17 September 1938 in town Karari, Dist. Allahabad (now Karari, Dist. Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, India.) . He started his primary education at Jamia Amjadia Karari, Allahabad and continued his Islamic education at Jamia Nazmia in Lucknow and after finishing his studies there, Allama Jawadi moved to Najaf-e-Ashraf (Iraq) for higher studies, as Najaf was the best Islamic learning center of that time and he stayed under the patronage of his brother Maulana Syed Ali Abid Rizvi until 1961. Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr taught him Islamic philosophy and other Islamic sciences.
He was dean of the India Shi'ite elementary and theological schools, which numbered 40 in 1993.
He died at the age of 62 on 15 April 2000.[citation needed]
Personal life
Jawadi's son, Ehsan Jawadi, a Shia scholar who regularly presented on the Win Islam TV channel, died in 2018.
Works
Anwar Al-Quran (Translation and Commentary on Quran)
Women and Shari'at (Divine Law): Complete Rules Regarding Women, in Islam (1999)
Nahj Al-Balagha (Translation and commentary)
Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya (Translation)
Iqtisaduna (Translation)
Al-Bank al-Ribawii al-Islam
Imam Jafer Sadiq(as) aur mazahib e Arbaa (Urdu:امام جعفر صادقؑ اور مذایبِ اربعہ)
Ahl Al-Bait - Quran aur Sunnat ki raushni mein (Translation)
Nuqoosh e Ismat
Life sketch of fourteen infallibles (English translation of Nuqoosh e Ismat)
MiraturRashad (Translation of Wasiyatnama, Last Will & Testament By Ayatullah Shaikh Abdulla Mamkani)
Karbala Shenasi (Compilation of Speeches given in London)
Mehfil o Majalis

Zeeshan Haider Jawwadi

Muhammad Ali bin Mostafa Al-Tantawi known as "Ali Al-Tantawi" (1327-1420 AH/1909-1999 AD)

Mohammad Ali Al-Tantawi was a Syrian Sunni jurist, writer, editor, broadcaster, teacher and judge considered one of the leading figures in Islamic preaching and Arab literature in the twentieth century.
Al-Tantawi was the recipient of the King Faisal Prize in 1990 for his services for Islam.
Biography
Al-Tantawi was born in Damascus in 1909, into a family of religious scholars: his paternal grandfather, who moved from Egypt, was a graduate of Al-Azhar who specialized in astronomy, his father was an Islamic scholar as well and so was his maternal uncle, Sheikh Muhibb-ud-Deen Al-Khatib.[citation needed]
Aftar attending the prestigious Maktab Anbar, Al-Tantawi would then study Islamic law at the University of Damascus, and would militate against the French occupation of Syria and the Zionist project in Palestine, one of the first Islamic scholars putting his attention to this issue.[citation needed]
Al-Tantawi wrote in many Arab newspapers throughout the years, most importantly of which was Egyptian magazine Arrissalah from 1933 to 1953.[citation needed]
His daughter, Banan al-Tantawi was assassinated by a death squad sent by Assad regime on 17 March 1981.
Being unable to resume his Islamic activism as he wished, he moved to Saudi Arabia in the late 1960s where he spent the last decades of his life. He died in 1999 and was buried in Jeddah.

Compositions

The number of books written by Ali Tantawi has increased, and it is a book that has been published in the past. It includes articles that have been previously published in his calendar and in widely circulated magazines.
Abu Bakr Siddiq (1935).
Dastan Hayei Az Tarikh (1957).
Mardan History (1958).
Pictures and Ideas (1958).
Dastan Hayy Az Zindgi (1959).
With the risk of reforms (1959).
Damascus (1959).
Omar News (1959).
My articles in words (1959).
From Nafhat Al-Haram (1960).
The story of this story (1-7) (1960).
May your peace be upon you (1960).
From Self Talk (1960).
Amoy Mosque (1960).
Der Indonesia (1960).
Islamic Doors (1960).
Sayyid Al-Khatr Ibn Al-Jawzi (verification and interpretation) (1960 AD).

Sheikh Muhammad Ali Al-Tantawi

Zaghloul Ragheb Mohammed Al Naggar (Arabic: زغلول النجار, (IPA: [zæɣˈluːl ennɑɡˈɡɑːɾˤ]), born 17 November 1933), also known as Zaghloul El-Naggar, is an Egyptian geologist, Muslim scholar, and author. The main theme of El-Naggar's books has been science in Quran; his philosophy of science is blended with religion. He left his academic career to become the Chairman of Committee of Scientific Notions in the Qur'an, Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, Cairo, Egypt.
Personal life
El-Naggar received his bachelor's degree from the University of Cairo. He obtained his PhD in geology from the University of Wales in the United Kingdom in 1963 where his thesis title was "Geology and stratigraphic palaeontology of the Esna-Idfu Region, Nile Valley, Egypt, U.A.R.". El-Naggar is an elected Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences (1988), the Geological Society of Egypt and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. He was imprisoned because of his political activism and beliefs during his student life. He was considered a grave threat to secular political establishment of Egypt. He was exiled from Egypt in early 1960s and could return to his country only in 1970.
Works
El-Naggar wrote a book entitled The Geological Concept of Mountains in the Qur'an (2003, ISBN 9773630072). It was published by New Vision when El-Naggar was the chair of geology at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. This book sold fairly well,[citation needed] leading El-Naggar to leave teaching and become the Chairman of Committee of Scientific Notions in the Qur'an.[citation needed]
El-Naggar published more than 150 scientific studies and articles, none of them peer reviewed, and 45 books in Arabic, English and French. For instance, his book "The issue of Scientific Miracles in the Holy Quran", in Arabic: "قضية الإعجاز العلمي للقرآن و ضوابط التعامل معها ". Many of those publications deal with what are considered to be scientific miracles in Qur'an.
Controversial claims and religion
Naggar said that the power of America would eventually end.
Camel urine was prescribed as a treatment by Zaghloul El-Naggar which has anti cancer properties according to a peer reviewed paper.
He engaged in 9/11 denial and spoke twice in the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque in Qatar.
Splitting of the Moon
Naggar claimed in 2004 that NASA had in 1978 confirmed in a television program the splitting of the Moon.
See also
Islamic attitudes towards science
Quran and miracles
Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
Mohammed Rateb al-Nabulsi

Zaqlol El-Naggar

Sayyed Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi (Arabic:  (سید عبدالحسين شرف الدين الموسوي العامل) (1377-1290 A.H.), jurist, mujtahid, usulist, writer, muhaddith, defender of the rapprochement of religions, author of the famous book al-Ravidar in defense of Shiite beliefs
birth
He was born on one of the days of 1290 AD in the city of Kazmin. He grew up in the loving lap of his pure and kind mother Zahra Sadr and under the supervision of his scholar and spiritual father, Seyyed Yusuf Sharafuddin.
His mother, Zahra Sadr, was the daughter of Ayatollah Sayyed Hadi Sadr and the sister of Sayyid Hassan Sadr, a famous religious scholar and the author of the book "Establishment of Al-Shi'a Uloom Al-Islam".
His honorable father Yusuf bin Javad bin Ismail bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim Sharafuddin Mousavi Shahuri, a jurist and scholar who died in 1334 AH, who lived in the village of Shahur in the Tire district of Lebanon.
education
He was one year old when his father decided to migrate to Najaf Ashraf to complete his higher education, and thus, Seyyed Abdul Hossein went to that country with his parents. He was six years old when he went to school in Najaf Ashraf to learn Quran from pious and scholarly teachers.
At the age of eight, after the family returned to Jebel Amal, in the presence of his learned and spiritual father, he began to read Arabic literature and spent many years learning Arabic, syntax, vocabulary, meanings, expression, innovation, poetry, composition, history, and calligraphy. Perfect the information with practice. After he acquired the necessary knowledge in literature, logic and the principles of jurisprudence, he began to study jurisprudence under his father and determinedly read the jurisprudence books "Najat al-Abad", "Al-Mukhtasar al-Nafe fi Fiqh al-Imamiya" and "Sharia'e al-Islam" He learned well.
In addition to these books, Seyyed began extensive and deep studies in the fields of literature, history, interpretation, jurisprudence, principles, logic, ethics, beliefs, etc. . It was during these years that he made a marriage contract with his cousin's daughter at the suggestion of his parents.
professors
Agha Reza Esfahani (died 1322 AH);
Sheikh Mohammadta Najaf (died 1323 AH);
Akhund Khorasani (died 1329 AH);
Shaykh al-Sharia Isfahani (died 1303 AH);
Sheikh Abdullah Mazandarani (died 1330 AH);
Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Tabatabai Yazdi (died 1337 AH);
Mirza Hossein Nouri (died 1320 AH).
After 12 years of study, research and scientific and religious debates, and in the end, with enthusiasm, effort and perseverance, Sharaf al-Din achieved the high rank of jurisprudence and ijtihad, and was granted ijtihad permits and approvals by the first-class jurists of Najaf, and in 30 When he was two years old, his absolute ijtihad was accepted and approved by all the great mujtahids of the seminaries of Najaf, Kazmin, Karbala and Samarra. During this period, along with scientific and jurisprudential studies, he seriously engaged in literary activities and tried to fully master the secrets of rhetoric, literary arts and methods of speaking, writing and discussion, and became distinguished in these techniques as well. He left Najaf Ashraf with his family on the 9th of Rabi-ul-Awl 1322 AH and went to Jebel Amal via Damascus and entered his homeland amidst the roaring waves of pure feelings and emotions of his compatriots. First, he settled in "Shahour" and along with his honorable father, he devoted himself to guiding the people and teaching, educating and educating the young generation. After three years, at the invitation of the people of "Soor", he went there. By establishing Hosseiniyeh Sur, he turned it into a center for holding various religious and social programs.
Herald of unity
Sharaf al-Din, as a scholar aware of the times, clairvoyant and familiar with the authentic truths of the heavenly school of Islam, suffered from the chaotic and chaotic situation of the Islamic societies and the pointless and unfortunate differences of Muslims since his youth. He not only thought about reforming and building Shiite societies, but from the beginning of his social and religious actions, he was thinking about reforming and honoring all Islamic countries and creating unity and brotherhood among different Muslim sects. For half a century, he tried to unify the nation of Muhammad (pbuh) with all his scientific and spiritual power and with his pen, words and honest actions, and he did not hesitate from any effort.
His first long and heavy step towards the unity of the Islamic Ummah was the authoring of the precious book "Al-Fusul al-Muhamma fi Taalif al-Umma" which became an ornament in the city of Tire in 1327 AH. From this date until the end of his life (1377 AH), he always moved towards the realization of his divine ideal and achieved brilliant and fruitful results.

Compilations
Sharaf al-Din has written many works on various topics, some of which have attracted the attention of Shia and Sunni scholars and thinkers. Some of his works have been translated into Farsi and other languages, and some of his books and articles are missing. Among his most famous works, we can refer to two books, al-Ravidh and al-Nas and al-Ijtihad.
At the end of 1329 AH, Sharafuddin went to Egypt to meet the religious scholars, scientists, thinkers and writers of that country and to create a basis for the unity of Muslims, and he met Sheikh Salim Bushra, the Mufti of Al-Azhar University. These two Shia and Sunni scholars exchanged 112 letters on the subject of the succession of the Holy Prophet, which was done with the utmost politeness and respect in a completely scientific manner. These correspondences were published 25 years later in the form of a reference book.
This book contains 112 correspondences of Sharaf al-Din with the Mufti of Al-Azhar University in Egypt, Sheikh Salim Bushra Maliki. The subject of the letters is "Khilafah and Imamat from the Shia point of view", which has been examined and criticized by referring to the verses of the Quran and the sources accepted by the Sunnis, the arguments of the Shia and the Sunnis.
passed away
He passed away in Lebanon on 8 Jumadi al-Thani 1377 AH at the age of 87. His body was moved to Najaf and buried near the shrine of Amirul Momineen.

Abdul Husayn Sharafuddin al-Musawiاصلی

Seyyed Morteza al-Askari, bekannt als Allameh Askari (1293–1386), Historiker. In seinen Werken hat er versucht, die Geschichte des Islam aus einer Forschungsperspektive zu untersuchen. Seine wichtigsten Bücher sind die Rolle von Ayesha in der Geschichte des Islam, Ma'alam al-Madrastin, Abdullah Ibn Saba und Asatir Akhri. Er war Mitglied des Obersten Rates der Weltversammlung der Ahl al-Bayt und einer der gegen die irakische Baath-Partei aktiven Geistlichen sowie lange Zeit Mitglied des Hauptstabs der Islamic Call Party.
Biographie
Seyyed Morteza Askari wurde am 18. Jumadi al-Thani 1332 n. Chr./1293 n. Chr. in Samarra geboren. Seine Vorfahren gehörten zu den Juristen und Gelehrten ihrer Zeit. Seyed Mortezas Großvater väterlicherseits war Seyed Ismail Hosseini (gestorben 1306 n. Chr.), der Sohn von Seyyed Mohammad Koch Savji, und sein Großvater mütterlicherseits war Mirza Mohammad Sharif Askari Tehrani (gestorben 1371 n. Chr.). Während der Safawiden-Ära wurden seine Vorfahren von Sabzevar nach Saveh eingeladen und erhielten den Titel Shaykh al-Islam. Die Position von Shaykh al-Islami war der des Freitagsimams in dieser Zeit ähnlich. Ihm zufolge wurden viele Sunniten in dieser Stadt von seinen Vorfahren zu Schiiten konvertiert. Alle Ältesten dieser Familie waren als Shaykh al-Islam bekannt, mit Ausnahme von Sayyid Morteza, der wegen seiner Geburt in Samarra als Askari bekannt war und weil er nach dem Tod seines Vaters in die Obhut seines Großvaters mütterlicherseits gegeben wurde.
Tod
Seyyed Morteza Askari starb am 25. Shahrivar 1386 (4. Ramadan 1428 n. Chr.) im Alter von 93 Jahren nach einer Krankheit im Milad-Krankenhaus in Teheran und wurde im Schrein von Hazrat Masoumeh (PBUH) beigesetzt.

Ausbildung
Allameh Askaris Besuch in der muslimischen Bibliothek in Peking während seiner Chinareise
Seyyed Morteza trat im Alter von zehn Jahren in das Seminar von Samarra ein und studierte die offiziellen Bücher des irakischen Seminars, wie Al-Bahja Al-Mardiyyah, Sharh Jami, Sharh Ibn Aqeel, Mughni al-Labib, Marzif und abgekürzt Al-Ma 'ani.
Präsenz im Bezirk Qom
Gleichzeitig mit dem Beginn der Herrschaft von Reza Khan im Iran verließ Seyyed Morteza Askari Samarra, ging in den Iran und studierte am Seminar von Qom. Er bezeichnet seine Migration in den Iran als erzwungenen Erfolg und sagt zum Grund:
Ich habe die Einführungen und Literatur in Samara gelesen. Meine Ausbildungskosten wurden aus den Grundstücken gedeckt, die wir in Saveh hatten; Deshalb nutzte ich den Anteil des Imams nicht, aber da Taghut Reza Khan es verbot, Geld in den Irak zu schicken, musste ich zur Zeit des verstorbenen Scheichs Abdul Karim Haeri (Jahre 1351, 52 und 53 n. Chr.) ins Seminar von Qom kommen In den Zellen werde ich ein Zimmergenosse bei Ali Safi Golpayegani in der Fayzia-Schule sein ...“
Professoren
In Qom nahm Ayatollah Askari am Unterricht von Imam Khomeini und in Samarra am Unterricht von Habibullah Eshtredi, bekannt als Askaris Lehrer, und Seyyed Ahmad Marashi Shushtri teil.
Rückkehr nach Samara
Einigen historischen Quellen zufolge war die Anwesenheit von Seyyed Morteza Askari im Seminar von Qom nur von kurzer Dauer. Auf seine Initiative und in Begleitung einiger anderer Studenten des Seminars von Qom beginnt Mirza Khalil Kamrei, die Auslegung des Korans zu lehren, aber diese Arbeit findet bei den Studenten keinen Gefallen und es werden Anstrengungen unternommen, diesen Kurs abzuschließen. Der Druck führt zur Unterbrechung des Unterrichts und dieser Vorfall führt dazu, dass Seyed Morteza Askari nach Samarra zurückkehrt.
Gründung der Universität
Syed Morteza Askari gründete zusammen mit einigen seiner Gleichgesinnten Usul al-Din in Bagdad. An dieser Fakultät wurden die Kurse Tafsir, Hadith-Studien, Glaubenslehren und vergleichende islamische Theologie gelehrt. Dieses wissenschaftliche Zentrum wurde mit dem Staatsstreich der Baath-Partei und Askaris Strafverfolgung geschlossen.

Alamas Kompositionen
Von seinen Werken sind mehr als vierzig erhalten geblieben, einige seiner Werke seien hier erwähnt:
1. Ayeshas Rolle in der islamischen Geschichte;
2. Einhundertfünfzig falsche Gefährten;
3. Abdullah bin Saba und andere historische Legenden;
4. Ma'alam al-Madrastin 3 (Band), der drei Namen hat: „Merkmale zweier Schulen im Islam, übersetzt von: Sardar Niya“; Analytische Forschung und Untersuchung der Grundlagen islamischen Denkens aus der Perspektive zweier Schulen, übersetzt von: Jalil Tejleel,
5. Islamischer Glaube an den Koran;
6. Al-Qur'an al-Karim und Hadithe von al-Madrasteen;
7. Die Zeit der Imame in der Wiederbelebung der Sunnah;
8. auf dem Weg der Einheit;
9. Mit Abi al-Futuh al-Talidi im Buch: „Al-Anwar al-Bahira“;
10. mit Dr. Al-Vordi im Buch „Waaz al-Sulatin“;
11. Medizin und Behandlung im Islam;
12. Islamische Begriffe;
13. Im Rahmen des Buches und der Sunna, in 17 Bänden, die Themen umfassen wie: Weinen über die Toten, Gedenken an die Erinnerung an die Propheten, die rechtschaffenen Diener Gottes, Segen, die Gerechtigkeit der Gefährten, der Vers der Reinigung, das Imame dieser Nation sind zwölf, Mushaf in Hadithen und Versen, Bada oder Löschung und Beweis, göttliche Ehe, Vorherbestimmung und Zuweisung, Unfehlbarkeit, Entscheidung über den Wiederaufbau von Gräbern, Berufung, Gottes Eigenschaften, Schiiten von Ahl al-Bayt (Friede sei mit ihm), die Geschichte des Hadith, der Niederwerfung vor Tarbat und Ali (Friede sei mit ihm), wird im Koran erwähnt;
14. Himmlische Religionen und das Problem der Verzerrung;
15. Die Rolle der Imame (Friede sei mit ihnen) bei der Wiederbelebung der Religion;
16. Saqifah;
17. Das letzte Gebet des Propheten (Friede sei mit ihm);
18. auf dem Weg von Ahl al-Bayt (Friede sei mit ihnen);

Allamah Seyed Morteza Askari

Morteza Motahari (1358-1298), jurist, philosopher, theologian, writer, thinker, teacher, theoretician, commentator of the Qur'an, one of the students of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, Imam Khomeini and Allameh Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai
birth
He was born on 13 Bahman 1298 AH, corresponding to 12 Jumadi al-Awli 1338 AH (1920 AD) in Freeman city near Mashhad city in a spiritual family.
education
After his childhood, he went to school and started learning elementary lessons. At the age of 12, he went to Mashhad seminary and studied the basics of Islamic sciences. In 1316, despite the fierce struggle of the government of Reza Shah Pahlavi with the clergy and despite the opposition of his friends and relatives, he went to the seminary of Qom to complete his studies.
professors
During his fifteen-year stay in Qom, in the presence of Ayatollah Al-Uzami Boroujerdi (in jurisprudence and principles), Imam Khomeini (RA) (for twelve years in the philosophy of Mulla Sadra, mysticism, ethics and principles) and Allameh Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Tabataba'i (in the philosophy of Bu'ali) and comparative philosophy). Ustad Shahid Medati also received many spiritual benefits from the presence of Ayatollah Haj Mirza Ali Agha Shirazi in ethics and mysticism. The late Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Hojjat (in principles) and the late Ayatollah Seyed Mohammad Mohaqeq Damad (in jurisprudence) can be mentioned among other professors of Ostad Motahari. During his stay in Qom, in addition to studying science, he actively participated in social and political affairs.

Emigration, teaching and preaching
In 1331, while he was considered one of the famous teachers and one of the future hopes of the field, he migrated to Tehran for reasons including livelihood problems. In Tehran, he taught in the Maravi school - where seminary sciences were taught - and also wrote and gave research lectures. In 1334, he held the first session of his Qur'an interpretation sessions for students. In the same year, he started teaching at the Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies of Tehran University. In the years 1337 and 1338, when the Islamic Association of Doctors was formed, Professor Motahari was one of the main speakers of this association, and during the years 1340 to 1350, he was the unique speaker of this association, and some of his works are the product of these meetings.
fight
Since 1341, when the movement of Imam Khomeini (RA) began, Ustad Motahari was actively with the Imam; So that the organization of the 15th Khordad uprising in Tehran and its coordination with the Imam's leadership can be attributed to his efforts and his helpers.

Cultural and political activity
One of the most important services of Professor Motahari during his blessed life was presenting the original Islamic ideology through lectures and lectures and authoring books. This reached its peak especially in the years 1351 to 1357 due to the increase in the propaganda of leftist groups and the emergence of leftist Muslim groups and the emergence of the phenomenon of eclecticism. After the Imam, Ustad Motahari was the first person who realized the danger of the leaders of the organization known as "People's Mujahideen of Iran" and prevented others from cooperating with this organization and even predicted the change of their ideology. During these years, on the advice of Imam Khomeini (RA), he traveled to Qom two days a week and taught important lessons in that seminary, and at the same time held various meetings for university professors in his home in Tehran. d.
Although Ustad Motahari's relationship with Imam Khomeini continued through letters etc. after his exile from Iran, but in 1355 he managed to travel to Najaf and while meeting with Imam Khomeini, consulted with him about important issues of the movement and seminaries. After the death of Seyyed Mustafa Khomeini, the eldest son of Imam Khomeini, and the beginning of the new era of the Islamic Movement, Ustad Motahari became more active in the movement and played a key role in all its stages.

Motahhari wrote several books on Islam, Iran, and historical topics. His emphasis was on teaching rather than writing. However, after his death, some of his students worked on writing down his lectures and publishing them as books. As of the mid-2008, the "Sadra Publication" published more than sixty volumes by Motahhari. Nearly 30 books were written about Motahhari or quoted from his speeches.

Morteza Motahhari opposed what he called groups who "depend on other schools, especially materialistic schools" but who present these "foreign ideas with Islamic emblems". In a June 1977 article he wrote to warn "all great Islamic authorities" of the danger of "these external influential ideas under the pretext and banner of Islam." It is thought he was referring to the People's Mujahideen of Iran and the Furqan Group.

martyrdom
Ustad Motahari was martyred on Tuesday, May 11, 1358, by the criminal group of Farghan, and his body was transferred to Qom on Thursday, May 13, after the funeral in Tehran, and was buried in the shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh (PBUH).

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